Understanding the local market with Indonesian wastewater information
This sludge characterization data is taken from Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 29, pages32397-32414 (2022), Indonesia.
Introduction
印度尼西亚 With a population of 270 million, domestic wastewater is one of the main sources of wastewater from human activities in Indonesia.
The study found that the volume of grey water in Indonesia was 14 times higher than the volume of black water, and the volume of untreated grey water was 36 times higher than the volume of untreated black manure solids wastewater.
Graywater: refers to kitchen and bathroom drainage that is reused after purification and treatment, also known as graywater. It can be widely used for industrial and agricultural purposes, drinking water, etc. depending on the purity of the water after purifying dishes and laundry water discharged from households.
Key elements of concern include suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oils and fats, nitrogen, and coliform bacteria.
The analysis shows that the large volume of graywater and lack of treatment can be a significant source of water pollution.
Furthermore, domestic black water, which relies primarily on on-site treatment, is often inadequate due to a lack of quality control over facilities, operations, and maintenance.
Indonesia is in dire need of an environmental management law to establish and ensure wastewater treatment at the household, community, or city level.
Indonesia has about 153 million people living in urban areas and about 117 million people living in rural areas (BPS2021a).
In urban areas, the total volume, together with domestic wastewater (household, commercial, industrial) and non-stormwater flows, is estimated to be 14.3 km³/year, where the treatment capacity of the facility is only 0.3 km³/year.
We begin this review by providing an overview of the current status, characteristics, and treatment systems for domestic wastewater in Indonesia.
Data collection and curation
Illustration )
After using/screening the Indonesian Google literature from the last 10 years, 26 studies on domestic water consumption, 7 studies on domestic graywater, 11 studies on combined domestic graywater and septage wastewater, and 2 studies on septage wastewater were selected.
Supporting data was also collected from publications by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Indonesian Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Indonesian Statistics Agency (BPS), and the spatial distribution of the results is shown in Figure 1.
The study was a one-time survey, and long-term studies are not included in this review.
How Indonesia's domestic wastewater compares to other countries in Southeast Asia
| Parameter | Unit | WQSa | Weighted Life Count | Mixed (gray water + manure wastewater) | Manure Wastewater | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 印度尼西亚b | Thailandc | 印度尼西亚d | 马来西亚e | Thailandf | Singaporeg | Vietnamh | 印度尼西亚i | |||
| pH | -. | 6-9 | 6.5-8.6 (7.2 ± 0.8) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 6.7-7.5 (7.1 ± 0.3) | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 6.7-7.4 (7.0) | 6.8-7.6 (7.2) | 8.2 | 6.2-7.4 (6.8 ± 0.8) |
| TSS | mg/l | 30 | 77-382 (189 ± 115) | 69 ± 31 | 25-1148 (462 ± 357) | 14 ± 3 | 15-243 (58) | 58-5900 (771) | 36 | 184-482 (333 ± 211) |
| TDS | mg/l | -. | 152-376 (264 ± 159) | 124-430 (256) | 652-840 (746 ± 133) | |||||
| BOD | mg/l | 30 | 125-401 (225 ± 96) | 90 ± 44 | 135-480 (271 ± 147) | 118 ± 14 | 12-52 (30) | 206-850 (528 ± 455) | ||
| COD | mg/l | 100 | 232-780 (418 ± 219) | 160 ± 64 | 148-472 (311 ± 144) | 234 ± 20 | 40-160 (100) | 100-4590 (809) | 116 | 509-2361 (1435 ± 1310) |
| BOD/COD | % | -. | 29-95 (57 ± 24) | 46-149 (89 ± 47) | 36-41 (38 ± 3) | |||||
| Oil and grease | mg/l | 5 | 24-87 (49 ± 33) | 2-163 (61 ± 89) | 5.3-29 (14) | 14 | ||||
| Ammonia (NH3-N) | mg/l | 10 | 0.7-20 (7.5 ± 8.6) | 0.1-259 (45 ± 87) | 12 ± 0.2 | 36 | 112 | |||
| Total nitrogen | mg/l | -. | 59-226 (142 ± 119) | 35-192 (113 ± 110) | 5-20 (10) | 19-653 (336 ± 448) | ||||
| Phosphate (PO43- Β-P) | mg/l | -. | 10-16 (13 ± 4) | 0.4-1.3 (0.8 ± 0.6) | 5.0 ± 0.2 | |||||
| Total phosphorus | mg/l | -. | 24 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 3-12 (6 ± 5) | 6.2 | ||||
| Faecal coliform | MPN/100 ml | -. | 2.4 × 103-1.2 × 109 (4.0 ± 6.9 × 108) | 9.3 × 103-4.6 × 106 (9.1 × 105) | 9.8 × 105 | |||||
| Total coliform | MPN/100 ml | 3000 | 2.6 × 102-1.3 × 104 (4.5 ± 7.3 × 103) | 3.3 × 104-2.1 × 108 (3.2 × 107) | ||||||
| MBAS | mg/l | -. | 0.2-22 (11 ± 11) | 5 ± 4.8 | 0.1 | |||||
Indonesia's mixed wastewater (domestic + septage) has similar values in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam.
Organic Compounds in Indonesian Domestic Wastewater
We characterized graywater, mixed wastewater, and septage wastewater in Indonesia.
- pH: 6.5 to 8.6, 6.7 to 7.5, 6.2 to 7.4
- TSS: 77-382 mg/l, 25-1148 mg/l, 58-5900 mg/l
- TDS: 152 to 376 mg/l, 146 to 2144 mg/l, 272 to 4085 mg/l
- BOD: 125-401 mg/l, 135-480 mg/l, 206-850 mg/l
- COD: 232 to 780 mg/l, 148 to 472 mg/l, 509 to 2361 mg/l
- BOD/COD ratio: 29 to 951 TP3T (recovered water), 401 TP3T (black water), 30 to 1001 TP3T (mixed wastewater)
- Oil and fat: 24 to 87 mg/l (recovered water), 2 to 163 mg/l (mixed wastewater)
Key findings
- Domestic graywater makes up the largest portion of Indonesia's mixed wastewater.
- All three types of wastewater have BOD and COD concentrations that exceed Indonesian water quality standards.
- The BOD/COD ratio of domestic wastewater is relatively high, suggesting that domestic graywater is more biodegradable than mixed and fecal wastewater.
- The highest COD concentrations in domestic water come from laundry water, and the highest oil and fat concentrations come from the kitchen.
Compounds such as nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, etc.
Ammonia concentration
Living water: 0.7-20 mg/l
Manure wastewater: 112 mg/l
Mixed wastewater: 0.1-259 mg/l
Average value: 45 mg/day
This is the same level as similar oils in Malaysia (12 mg/l) and Vietnam (36 mg/l).
Total nitrogen concentration
Living water: 59-226 mg/l
Mixed wastewater: 35-192 mg/l
Manure wastewater: 112mg/l
It was inferred that the exceptionally high concentration of nitrogen in households contributed only 21 TP3T of the total nitrogen in domestic wastewater (Malisie et al.,2007). Nitrogen can come from soap or food residues (Ghaitidak and Yadav,2013).
Phosphate concentration
Living water: 10-16mg/l
Mixed wastewater: 0.4-1.3 mg/l
Total phosphorus concentration
Living water: 24mg/l
Mixed wastewater: 3-12mg/l
E. coli levels
Assumed heavy water: 2.4 x 103 to 1.2 x 109 MPN/100ml
Manure wastewater: 9.8 x 105
Mixed Wastewater : 2.6 x 102 to 1.3 x 104
- Results lower than Thailand (3.3 x 104 to 2.1 x 108).
- In all types of wastewater, values of total coliform or E. coli typically exceed water quality standards.
Centralized domestic wastewater treatment by city in Indonesia
| City | 印度a | Water consumptionb (l/c/d) | Domestic wastewaterc (m3/day) | Sewage Wastewater Treatment Capacity (m3/day)d | Supply rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Installed | Used | |||||
| Medan | 2,279,894 | 150 | 273,587 | 10,000 | 5,650 | 2.1 |
| Parapat | 180,694 | 105 | 15,178 | 2,000 | 115 | 0.8 |
| DKI Jakarta | 10,557,810 | 150 | 1,266,937 | 42,000 | 5,195 | 0.4 |
| Bandung | 1,263,916 | 150 | 151,670 | 80,835 | 49,769 | 33 |
| Cirebon | 333,303 | 105 | 27,997 | 20,547 | 9,667 | 35 |
| Yogyakarta | 431,939 | 105 | 36,283 | 15,500 | 14,260 | 39 |
| Surakarta | 517,887 | 135 | 55,932 | 9,504 | 6,325 | 11 |
| Denpasar | 463,400 | 105 | 38,926 | 51,000 | 35,000 | 90 |
| Batam | 1,196,396 | 150 | 143,568 | 2,852 | 150 | 0.1 |
| Banjarmasin | 708,606 | 135 | 76,529 | 12,000 | 3,480 | 4.5 |
| Balikpapan | 688,318 | 135 | 74,338 | 800 | 800 | 1.1 |
| Tangerang | 1,771,092 | 150 | 212,531 | 2,700 | 600 | 0.3 |
The process of collecting and treating wastewater from homes, residential neighborhoods, and communities at a central facility or plant.
Performance of decentralized wastewater treatment plants in Indonesia
| Study Year | Location | Number of units | Processing System | Emission concentration (mg/l) | Removal Efficiency (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Sleman, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Blitar | 9 | abr-af (5), ad-abr-af (3), as (1) | BOD: 30-50COD: 80-131TSS: 22-44Ammonia: 35-57Total nitrogen: 59-88 | NA | (Kerstens et al. 2012) |
| 2011 | Yogyakarta | 2 | rbc (1), ca (1) | BOD: 7.5-88 (36)COD: 14-134 (62)TSS: 8-37 (19)Ammonia: 0-1.4 (0.6)Total nitrogen: 173-211 (216) | bod: 64-96 (81)cod: 76-95 (86)tss: 85-97 (91) | (Lim et al. 2013) |
| 2016 | Semarang | 6 | ABR + AF (6) | COD: 15-92 (41)TSS: 8-78 (32)Ammonia: 0.01-0.8 (0.4) | cod: 62-93 (85)tss: 80-95 (87) | (Astika and Zaman 2017) |
| 2018 | Yogyakarta | 9 | abr (8), rbc (1) | BOD: 12-105 (62)COD: 123-375 (242)TSS: 17-483 (193)Ammonia: 3-38 (20) | BOD: 23-97 (68)COD: 8-77 (52)TSS: 28-79 (53)Ammonia: 3-30 (12) | (Rahmawati et al. 2019) |
| 2018 | Malang | 89 | ABR (89) | BOD: 67 | BOD: 74TSS: 66Ammonia: 43 | (Yulistyorini et al. 2019a) |
| NA | Yogyakarta | 1 | AD + ABR (1) | BOD: 22COD: 61TSS: 60Total nitrogen: 4.7 | BOD: 88COD: 97TSS: 97Total nitrogen: 75 | (Rochmadi et al. 2010) |
| NA | Padang | 5 | ABR (5) | BOD: 29-207 (83)COD: 5-106 (18)TSS: 80-724 (128)Ammonia: 46-112 (76) | BOD: 10-72 (24)COD: 45-91 (85)TSS: 17-71 (58)Ammonia: 35-83 (69) | (Nur and Komala 2021) |
A decentralized wastewater treatment plant is a facility that treats wastewater from a small area or individual homes, as opposed to a centralized system. They typically use biological, physical, and chemical processes to remove contaminants and treat wastewater in a safe manner.
The current status of water purification plants in Indonesia and the entry of domestic companies : View
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